| DU関連資料(2004.5～2005) |
| 2007/12/04 JST | |
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2004.12.12 ボスニア人らは、NATOの爆弾が「死の天使」をもたらしたという ボスニア人らは、NATOの爆弾が「死の天使」をもたらしたという
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
Bosnians say NATO Bombs Brought “Angel of Death”
多くのボスニア人は、高いガン発生率を、１９９５年のNATOによる劣化ウラン弾使用のせいだと非難するが、科学者たちは、言われている関係については、割れたままだ。
DEPLETED URANIUM ? A LEGACY OF BOSNIAN WAR
国連は、劣化ウランを、原子炉や、兵器のために使われる天然ウラン鉱石を濃縮するのに使われる過程の副産物として述べている。それはイオン化する３つのタイプの放射線-α・β・γを排出する「不安定な、放射性の重金属」である。
NO ONE TAKES UP DECONTAMINATION MONEY
UNEPが、DUに影響された建物や地面は汚染除去されるべきだと勧告したにもかかわらず、IWPRによる初期調査は、ほとんどか、何も起きていないことをしめしている。IWPRが、数年前、NATOに標的にされたRSハン・ピジェサク陸軍基地を訪れたとき、我々は、破壊されたT６２戦車が、まだ、境界フェンスに近接して錆びているのを発見した。それ以上我々が行くのをとめた哨兵は、彼らが知る限り、劣化ウラン弾に影響された場所は汚染除去されぁw)討い覆い噺世Α・・鹿嗤僧昭嗤僧w)・惹\杜㏄・齡甯綵・鰐碗込釶・・届淋㌃鼠斌拑ｿ鱸瘡・届淋㎎冨添ｯ稲槇昭鏈霈鹿鏈霈鹿嗤僧昭・暑uｺ・齡甯綵⇒倉派虜ｮ迯ｮ迯ｮ頸⊂紗仭璃齡甯綵・鰐碗込碎・・届淋㎎冨添ｯ稲・・順・・援・殊ｫ聲迚踟込葬蛛貉・順違殊援・殊ｫ聲迚踟込葬蛛貉・順ょ・L肬銓㊥瘢蛹倢ｿ鱸瘡⊂「我々はしばしば地面を横切って歩き、誰も、危険をしらせたことはない」とひとりの哨兵は困惑したように付け加えた。
INFORMATION BLACK HOLE FUELS PUBLIC FEARS
ボスニアの医師らは、DUの健康の影響についての公的化された研究がないことが、不信の雰囲気をつくっていると語る。
「私は我々のがん患者が増えていることは言えるが、我々は、劣化ウランとの関係は確定も否定も出来ない。」と、ハン・ピジェサクの保健センター所長のボジダール・ドジョキック博士は語る。「我々には比較するための統計がない。」
SCEPTICISM OVER DU RISK
２００３年のUNEPの報告は、先に我々が言ったように、DUとガンの問題については描かれていない。不十分な情報を引用して、それは以下のように結論している。「十分なガンの登録と報告システムがボスニアに無いために健康に反するDUに由来する影響の率の増加は、実証できなかった。」
DISAGREEMENT OVER MEASURING CONTAMINATION
しかし、ある科学者たちは、問題は、全て測定の仕組みにあると言う。DUは、今まで知られているよりはるかに危険だと信じている科学者の一人は、英国防省劣化ウラン監視委員会のクリス・ブスビー博士である。
IN BOSNIA, INEXPLICABLE DEATHS CONTINUE
ボスニアに話を戻すと、しかし、そこには、そのような法廷の話も、議会の委員会も、汚染除去すらもない。
エクレム・ティンジャクとファルク・ボーリックはサラエボを根拠とするジャーナリストだ。フグ・グリフィスは、IWPRの調査コーディネーターだ。
------------------------------------------- Bosnians say NATO Bombs Brought “Angel of Death” Many Bosnians blame high cancer rates on NATO’s use of depleted uranium munitions in 1995, but scientists remain divided over the alleged link. By Ekrem Tinjak, Faruk Boric and Hugh Griffiths in Han Pijesak and Sarajevo (BCR No 526, 15-Nov-04) In the Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici, the local imam, Hazim Effendi Emso, looks out over an overflowing cemetery. The field in the middle of this grimy industrial suburb of Sarajevo is dotted with new graves. ”It is only recently that the number of funerals has increased. Almost every day, a funeral,” he said sadly. The birth and death dates etched onto recent gravestones show a number of those buried here died in middle age. Many are from the Hadzici district of Grivici. “A large number of the people from Grivici died of cancer but it was only this year that we started keeping records on deceased people,” the Imam continued. In the remote Romanija mountains, 64 kilometres north of Grivici, some 1,000 metres above sea level, a different local religious leader faces the same problem. Branko, a Serb Orthodox cleric in Han Pijesak, in Republika Srpska, RS, points to a map on the wall of the head teacher’s office. "This is the village of Japaga. Around 100 people live here but in 1996 many people died from cancer,” he told IWPR. “The first was the army base cook, Mrs Ljeposava, who died aged 45, as did Mrs Todic. Then it was Budimir Bojat, who died aged 60, and Goran Basteh who died at 45, all from cancer.” The priest turned from the map to papers on the table. “Every year in Japaga at least one young man dies of cancer,” he continued. “This is not normal in such a small village.” At first glance, the communities of Hadzici and Han Pijesak appear very different. One is a mainly Muslim settlement in an industrial zone while the other is a series of Serb mountain villages in one of Europe’s last unspoilt wildernesses. But residents of both communities say they suffer from an abnormally high cancer rate and they believe it is the result of Depleted Uranium, DU, munitions, which were used during NATO’s September 1995 airstrikes on Bosnia. DEPLETED URANIUM ? A LEGACY OF BOSNIAN WAR The United Nations describes DU as a by-product of the process used to enrich natural uranium ore for use in nuclear reactors and weapons. It is an “unstable, radioactive heavy metal” that emits ionizing radiation of three types - alpha, beta and gamma. The United States, together with other NATO member states, uses DU in armour-piercing shells for both tanks and planes. NATO aircraft used DU against the Bosnian Serb army in August and September 1995 to bring a quick end to the vicious three-year conflict in the former Yugoslav republic. “The aim was to disrupt the Bosnian Serb forces’ command and control structure and degrade their fighting capabilities,” a NATO source in Sarajevo said. ”We were not trying to destroy the army.” According to NATO, from September 5-11, 1995, their planes fired 5,800 DU shells in the vicinity of Han Pijesak and Hadzici. More than 90 per cent of all such ammunition fired in Bosnia during the airstrikes fell in just these two locations. NATO states a total of 2,400 DU rounds were directed against at the Han Pijesak army base, next to the village of Japaga. A further 1,500 were fired at the Hadzici tank repair facility, close to Grivici. Scientists of the UN Environmental Programme, UNEP, discovered DU contamination in air, water and ground samples taken from Hadzici and Han Pijesak in October 2002. “We found DU ammunition on the ground and we found DU dust in buildings that were being turned into shops in Hadzici,” Pekko Haavisto, chief of the UNEP mission, told IWPR. “In Hadzici we also found two wells that had small amounts of DU in the water, eight years after the conflict. “At Han Pijesak army base, we found DU dust in buildings, tanks and other equipment and we were concerned that conscripts using this equipment might be affected.” However, UNEP did not agree that its findings had confirmed Bosnian fears that local high rates of ill health were linked to the NATO bombing campaign. ”The extremely low exposure identified in the mission indicates it is highly unlikely that DU could be associated with any of the reported health effects,” said a report by the UN body in 2003. But locals in Han Pijesak and Hadzici do not agree with this conclusion. They insist that DU contamination must be responsible for what they say are abnormally high rates of cancer. NO ONE TAKES UP DECONTAMINATION MONEY Although the UNEP recommended in its report that buildings and ground affected by DU should be decontaminated, an initial investigation by IWPR showed that little or nothing was happening. When IWPR visited the RS Han Pijesak army base, targeted years before by NATO, we found a destroyed T62 tank still rusting close to the perimeter fence. The sentries who stopped us from going any further said as far as they knew, the sites affected by DU munitions had not been decontaminated. "We walk across that ground often and nobody has ever warned us of the dangers," one sentry added worriedly. In the Federation, the complaints are similar. ”We moved back in 1997, two years after the bombing,” Suljo Drina, of Grivici, said. ”But the ground was never decontaminated. Now my father has throat cancer.” In 2002, the Federation government allocated 138,000 Bosnian convertible marks to decontaminate the Hadzici sites, and the Sarajevo canton authorities were asked to contribute an additional 123,000 marks, but nothing has yet been done. The money, it appears, never reached its intended beneficiaries. “We just don’t have the money,” Mustafa Kovac, head of civil defence headquarters of Sarajevo canton, added. “We need equipment to measure radiation, equipment to protect our staff and we need to provide training for them - but there are no funds.” Pekko Haavisto, of UNEP, told IWPR the European Union had offered to fund the clean-up process but the money had not been taken up locally. "The UNEP also told authorities in the Republika Srpska and the Federation at a training seminar that we could offer on-site training during any decontamination process,” he said, ”but nobody came forward with a request.” INFORMATION BLACK HOLE FUELS PUBLIC FEARS Bosnian doctors say a lack of publicised research into the health effects of DU has created a climate of distrust. “What confuses me is that the UNEP report said radiation levels in the contaminated areas in Bosnia were harmless,” Dr Zehra Dizdarevic, Sarajevo’s health minister, told IWPR. “But on the other hand there were 24 recommendations in the same report about how the area could be protected from contamination and cleaned up. ”It is difficult to establish whether somebody is suffering from cancer because they live near a still-contaminated area. With no research, nobody can deny this claim, either. "The UNEP report said that more scientific work was needed and that all health claims should be investigated. Yet this has not happened.” Dr Lejla Saracevic, director of the Sarajevo radiology institute, agrees that lack of reliable information is a serious problem. ”There has not been any serious research on this issue,” she said. “Although the Federation government has set up an expert working group, of which I am a member, there is a lack of funding and general interest, which means nothing has been done.” RS doctors largely share these concerns about a lack of information. “While there has been considerable increase into cancer-related disease in Han Pijesak since the war, without research as a part of a serious investigation, I cannot say that this is due to DU,” said Dr Ljuboje Sapic, a lung disease specialist at the health centre in Han Pijesak. “The little research that has been done on DU is still based on assumption and conjecture,” Sapic added. “We need statistics and hard facts.” In fact, all Bosnian health officials interviewed by IWPR said the lack of statistical data was a major obstacle in establishing cancer mortality rates in the areas affected by NATO bombing. The dearth of such statistics means it is difficult to track the rate of the alleged increase in cancer during the post-war period. “I can tell you we have had an increase in the number of cancer patients but we cannot confirm or deny a link to depleted uranium,” said Dr Bozidar Djokic, director of the health centre in Han Pijesak. “We have no statistics with which to make a comparison.” Colleagues in the Federation echo this. “When we say that there is an increase of sick people, it does not mean anything,” said Dr Saracevic. “How can we quantify an increase, when we do not know exactly how many sick people there are now, compared to last year, or the preceding years? “We also know the people who lived in Hadzici during the bombardment are now living in the Serb entity. They should be medically examined too, if we are to get to the bottom of this.” After the 1995 Dayton peace agreement awarded Hadzici to the Federation, most Serbs from there were obliged to resettle in RS. Many now live in the small town of Bratunac, in eastern Bosnia. IWPR travelled to Bratunac. Although we could find no official statistical data to confirm an increase in cancer rates there, local doctors produced much anecdotal evidence. According to Dr Svetlana Jovanovic, of Bratunac’s health centre, since 1996 approximately 650 of the 7,000-odd people who left Hadzici have died and been buried in the town’s fast-filling cemetery. Dr Jovanovic claims that after examining the bodies, she believed 40 of these 650 had died from cancer or leukaemia. “If approximately 7,000 people from Hadzici moved here, we can estimate that the malignancy rate is unusually high compared to the overall estimated mortality rate in the country,” Dr Jovanovic said. “But we don’t have any statistics from elsewhere to make official comparisons and conclusions.” What is beyond doubt is that the overall mortality rate in Bratunac is much higher than it is in Bosnia as a whole. In 2002, the death rate in the country was 7.9 per thousand. In Bratunac, for the period 1996 to 2003, it was 11.2. More people die in Bratunac than in the rest of Bosnia. The question is why. SCEPTICISM OVER DU RISK The 2003 UNEP report, as we said earlier, would not be drawn on the issue of DU and cancer. Citing insufficient information, it concluded that “due to the lack of a proper cancer registry and reporting systems in Bosnia, claims of an increase in the rates of adverse health effects stemming from DU could not be substantiated”. Scientists from the World Health Organisation, WHO, also are sceptical regarding claims that DU may be a health hazard to Bosnia’s population. "From the information we have at the moment we don’t believe civilians are at risk," said Dr Mike Repacholi, WHO’s Geneva-based radiation programme coordinator. He admitted, however, that the research deficit made final conclusions hard to draw. “We have gaps in knowledge where we need focused research in order to make a better assessment of health risk,” he said. The International Atomic Energy Authority, IAEA, takes much the same line. Tiberio Cabianca, of the IAEA’s nuclear safety department, was part of the ten-day UNEP mission to investigate DU in Bosnia in 2002. ”From a radiological point of view, the IAEA does not view DU as a health threat to the civilian population in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” he said. ”From our samples, we found that DU munitions had contaminated local water supplies and we also found DU dust particles suspended in the air. However, contamination levels were very low and did not represent an immediate radioactive risk.” However, UNEP’s Pekko Haavisto qualifies that conclusion, recalling the considerable time lapse between the period immediately after the NATO bombing campaign, when contamination would be highest, and the time of the scientific study. “When we conducted our ten-day study, our experts could not find any direct impact on human health. But this was 2002, so we could not say what the health impact was in the years previously,” he said. “We did not carry out any tests until eight years after the bombing. "The UNEP report was based on mainstream scientific thinking on DU which says that DU has a limited health impact outside the immediate contamination zone. But there is a group of scientists who think that lower levels of DU radiation have a greater effect, and they have criticised our report.” DISAGREEMENT OVER MEASURING CONTAMINATION But some scientists say the problem is all in the measuring mechanism One scientist who believes DU is far more hazardous than has previously been acknowledged is Dr Chris Busby, of the British ministry of defence’s oversight committee on depleted uranium. Dr Busby conducted his own studies in Kosovo, where DU was also used. “UNEP say small amounts of DU in the air are harmless, however this is not the case,” he told IWPR, adding that in his view, ”they used the wrong risk models.” “The conventional risk model is based on a whole human body or organ versus one DU particle,” he explained. “But when a DU particle is inhaled, what happens is that a very small area of tissue will be exposed. It’s not the whole body we should be measuring the effect of DU against, but the few affected cells.” Professor Malcolm Hooper, emeritus professor of medicinal chemistry at the University of Sunderland, agrees that this is a better way of measuring the strength of contamination. “Depleted uranium is a health hazard for the local population because DU particles are first washed into the water system. Then, when the sun comes out, light and heat stimulates the particles and they are suspended in the air once again,” he told IWPR. “The UNEP report was totally compromised. They went in seven years too late and the sites they went to had been sanitised - the destroyed vehicles and much of the visible ammunition had been removed.” Finally, Professor Hooper recalled the controversy surrounding former Italian soldiers who served in both Bosnia and Kosovo. The first suggestion of a link between DU and cancer followed the mysterious deaths of a number of young Italian soldiers who had served there. Italian TV dubbed it Balkans Syndrome and the foreign press soon picked up the story, feeding a media frenzy. Fears over DU in Bosnia first surfaced in December 2000, with the reported death from cancer of Salvatore Carbonaro, aged only 24. Carbonaro was the sixth Balkan veteran to die from cancer and differed from the other five in that he had only served in Bosnia, not in Kosovo. Until then, NATO had not even admitted it had used DU in Bosnia. But in December 2000 Italy’s defence minister, Sergio Mattarella, admitted that the alliance had, adding that Rome had only just been informed of this. Mattarella then ordered an inquiry, under Professor Franco Mandelli, to investigate the potential association between cancer incidence and DU. A member of Mandelli’s team, Dr Martino Grandolfo, told IWPR that it had found a statistically significant excess of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - a form of leukaemia. “The percentage of cases of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma amongst Italian troops who served in Bosnia and Kosovo is more than double the amount found in soldiers who stayed in Italy,” he told IWPR. “But at the moment, we don’t know why this is.” The number of Italian Balkans veterans who have since died from cancer rose to 27 by July 2004 ? and campaigners claim that the real figure is even higher. “The figure is actually 32 or 33, and the number of veterans living with cancer is in the hundreds,” Falco Accame, a former naval officer and military researcher, who is chair of Italy’s Anavafaf veterans’ group, told IWPR. The public outcry has forced the government to establish a DU parliamentary commission in the Italian senate to investigate further. But Accame told IWPR that in the meantime, aside from the compensation paid to the dead servicemen’s families, the state had not formally recognised any link between DU and cancer. “As was the case with [health concerns over] cigarettes and asbestos, we cannot be certain that DU is responsible for the deaths of all these soldiers,” Accame added. “Instead, what we are dealing with here are probabilities.” However, this official unwillingness to admit any link between DU and cancer may be changing. In a landmark judgment on July 10, 2004, a Rome court ordered the Italian defence ministry to pay 500,000 euro in compensation to the family of Stefano Melone, a Balkans veteran who died of cancer in 2001. The court declared Melone had died “due to exposure to radioactive and carcinogenic substances” and listed DU among those substances. The dead soldier’s widow Paola Melone told IWPR that this was “a historic case”, adding that a civil court had “now acknowledged that DU is a carcinogenic agent and listed it as one of the possible causes” of her husband’s death. “This case has set a precedent and we are organising a conference here in Italy for other dead serviceman’s families, to help them with pending cases,” she added. IN BOSNIA, INEXPLICABLE DEATHS CONTINUE Back in Bosnia, however, there is no such talk of court cases, parliamentary commissions, or even of decontamination. As the debate rages over cause and effect in Italy, locals in Bosnia say people are continuing to die inexplicably. Ahmed Fazlic-Ivan, vice-president of the Grivici district, lives 300 metres from the bombed Hadzici tank repair plant. “We only learned about DU in 2002, when the UN inspectors came here," he told IWPR. “My father died of lung cancer in March of this year. There are 700 people living in Grivici and 56 have died in the last two years, most of them from cancer or diabetes. "Here we often say that Azrael, the Angel of Death, has come to Grivici - and that he takes everyone away.” Ekrem Tinjak and Faruk Boric are Sarajevo-based journalists. Hugh Griffiths is an IWPR investigations coordinator. 2004.12.12 法廷は、ウラニウム事件を延期した。
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
Court adjourns uranium claim case
劣化ウランの被爆後、病気になったと主張した元国防労働者の事件が、延期されている。 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/somerset/4084785.stm<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/somerset/4084785.stm>
Court adjourns uranium claim case Richard David, 49, is suing aircraft parts company Normalair Garrett - now owned by Honeywell - for compensation. The firm denies depleted uranium was ever used at the plant in Yeovil, Somerset, where he worked until 1995. Mr David, who lives in Seaton in Devon, asked the High Court for more time to gather evidence. The hearing is due to resume next April. Mr David claims the metal's existence at the plant was denied because it is an official secret. But he says he now suffers from a catalogue of illnesses, including respiratory and kidney problems, bowel conditions and painful joints. He worked as a component fitter on fighter planes and bombers, but left work because of his health problems. He claimed medical tests had revealed mutations to his DNA and damage to his chromosomes that could only have been caused by ionising radiation. 2004.10.29 10万人のイラク市民が死亡、研究が述べる
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1338749,00.html<http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1338749,00.html>
Sarah Boseley, health editor 最初の、イラクとアメリカの公衆衛生専門家による、信頼できる死者数の研究によると、約10万人のイラク市民-半分が女性と子ども-が、ほとんどが、連合軍の空爆の結果として亡くなってきた。 その研究は、イラクの全人口を代表する、３３のランダムに選ばれた地方で行われ、暴力が、イラクでは最も多い死因であることを示している。 侵略前、ほとんどの人は、心臓発作、卒中、慢性病で亡くなっていた。暴力による死の危険はいまや、侵略前の58倍に高まっている。 昨夜、ランセット医学ジャーナルは、ランセットの著者のリチャード・ホートンが言うに「進行しているイラクの治安状況へのその重要性」が故に、迅速だが発展的な慎重な見直しと執筆のあとで、出版されるその調査をウェッブサイトに速く載せた。 しかし、発見は、重要な疑問をまた、ホートン博士が評して言うには「自分たちの行動の市民へのありうる影響を熟慮すべきだった」アメリカとイギリスの政府に提起している。 同研究は、ボルチモアのジョンホプキンスブルームバーグ公衆衛生学校のレス・ロバートにより主導された。 988世帯を訪れたイラク人面接官の6人に5人は、医者であり、弊紙によると、地上での研究に携わった人は全て、データを集めるために命を危険にさらした。 世帯主らは、2003年三月の侵略前の14．6ヶ月の誕生と死亡についてと、侵略後の17．8ヶ月の誕生と死亡について聞かれた。 死亡証明は入手可能ではないが、著者らは、良い理由があると言う。「死亡が、間違って記録されたとは考えにくいと考えている。面接官らはまた、イラクの文化では、回答者が死をでっち上げることは考えにくいと考えていた。」 彼らは、また、幼児死亡率が、1000人の誕生に対して２９から５７に上昇していることを発見したが、そのことは、戦争におけるパターンと一致しており、戦争では、女性らは、幼児を届けるために病院へ行けないか行きたがらない、と彼らは言う。 他に増加したのは、暴力による死で、33群のうち15群で報告され、ほとんどが、空爆によるものだった。 「幅広く広がるイラク人犠牲者にも関わらず、家庭での面接のデータは、地上での個々の兵士の部分に間違った行動が広がっていることの証拠を見せていない。」と研究者らは記している。 61中３しか、連合軍兵士が小火器でイラク人を殺した例はない。一つの例では、56歳の男は、彼らは言うには、戦闘員だったかもしれず、第二のケースでは、72歳の男が、検問所で撃たれ、第三のケースでは、武装した警備員が、戦闘員に間違われ、小競り合い中に撃たれた。第二のふたつのケースでは、米兵は家族に謝っている。 「残りの５８の殺し（全て、面接された人々によって、アメリカ軍のせいとされている）は、ヘリコプターガンシップや、ロケットや、他の形態の兵器によって引き起こされている」と彼らは書いている。 研究者たちによって、もっとも多くの死者数が記録されたのは、ファルージャにおいて出、そこでは、研究者らが発見した暴力による死の三分の二を記録している。 「ファルージャでは、５２のうち２３の家庭が、一時的にか、永久にか放棄されていた。面接が行われた地方は、ほとんどの放棄された家で広く死が記録されているが、調査に包含されるには、十分な詳細が得られない。」と彼らは書いている。 研究者らは、連合国当局が、彼ら自身のために市民の犠牲の規模を評価しようと試みることを怠っていると、批判している。 「アメリカのトミー・フランクス将軍は、『我々は、死体を数えているのではない』と言っていると広く言われている」と彼らは書いているが、占領軍は、ジュネーブ議定書の元での責任を有している。「この研究は、おおくない資金と、4週間と、命を危険にさらすことを臨む7人のイラク人チームにより、有益な市民の死の計測が得られたことを示している。」 ------------------------------------------ http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1338749,00.html<http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1338749,00.html> 100,000 Iraqi civilians dead, says study
Sarah Boseley, health editor About 100,000 Iraqi civilians - half of them women and children - have died in Iraq since the invasion, mostly as a result of airstrikes by coalition forces, according to the first reliable study of the death toll from Iraqi and US public health experts. The study, which was carried out in 33 randomly-chosen neighbourhoods of Iraq representative of the entire population, shows that violence is now the leading cause of death in Iraq. Before the invasion, most people died of heart attacks, stroke and chronic illness. The risk of a violent death is now 58 times higher than it was before the invasion. Last night the Lancet medical journal fast-tracked the survey to publication on its website after rapid, but extensive peer review and editing because, said Lancet editor Richard Horton, "of its importance to the evolving security situation in Iraq". But the findings raised important questions also for the governments of the United Sates and Britain who, said Dr Horton in a commentary, "must have considered the likely effects of their actions for civilians".
The research was led by Les Roberts of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore. Five of the six Iraqi interviewers who went to the 988 households in the survey were doctors and all those involved in the research on the ground, says the paper, risked their lives to collect the data. Householders were asked about births and deaths in the 14.6 months before the March 2003 invasion, and births and deaths in the 17.8 months afterwards. When death certificates were not available, there were good reasons, say the authors. "We think it is unlikely that deaths were falsely recorded. Interviewers also believed that in the Iraqi culture it was unlikely for respondents to fabricate deaths," they write. They found an increase in infant mortality from 29 to 57 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is consistent with the pattern in wars, where women are unable or unwilling to get to hospital to deliver babies, they say. The other increase was in violent death, which was reported in 15 of the 33 clusters studied and which was mostly attributed to airstrikes. "Despite widespread Iraqi casualties, household interview data do not show evidence of widespread wrongdoing on the part of individual soldiers on the ground," write the researchers. Only three of the 61 deaths involved coalition soldiers killing Iraqis with small arms fire. In one case, a 56-year-old man might have been a combatant, they say, in the second a 72-year-old man was shot at a checkpoint and in the third, an armed guard was mistaken for a combatant and shot during a skirmish. In the second two cases, American soldiers apologised to the families. "The remaining 58 killings (all attributed to US forces by interviewees) were caused by helicopter gunships, rockets or other forms of aerial weaponry," they write. The biggest death toll recorded by the researchers was in Falluja, which registered two-thirds of the violent deaths they found. "In Falluja, 23 households of 52 visited were either temporarily or permanently abandoned. Neighbours interviewed described widespread death in most of the abandoned houses but could not give adequate details for inclusion in the survey," they write. The researchers criticise the failure of the coalition authorities to attempt to assess for themselves the scale of the civilian casualties. "US General Tommy Franks is widely quoted as saying 'we don't do body counts'," they write, but occupying armies have responsibilities under the Geneva convention."This survey shows that with modest funds, four weeks and seven Iraqi team members willing to risk their lives, a useful measure of civilan deaths could be obtained." 2004.11.4 劣化ウランが一度韓国の兵器に使われた
Depleted uranium once used in S. Korean weapons
S Korean munitions violated N-accord
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
Depleted uranium once used in S. Korean weapons
Joins.com http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200410/21/200410212244327139900090409041.html<http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200410/21/200410212244327139900090409041.html> チョ・ソンスー・民主労働党代表と環境団体・グリーン・コリア連合は昨日、韓国原子力エネルギー研究所は、対戦車砲弾をチタンで合金にされた劣化ウランから1980年代に造っていたと述べた。 彼らは、科学技術省が、事実を隠していたと主張した。
答えて、同省は、「我々は、ウラン武器の開発に監査の放棄を適用し、1987年に許可を受けた」。 同省は、砲弾は、1989年、それらが、もはや商業的価値がなくなったので、アメリカ大使館当局者の立会いの下、破壊された、という。劣化ウランは密度が高く、核分裂性の無い金属である。 ----
S Korean munitions violated N-accord
The News International http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2004-daily/22-10-2004/world/w7.htm<http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2004-daily/22-10-2004/world/w7.htm> 韓国は、対戦車弾を1980年代、非軍事目的で使うために輸入した劣化ウランで製造し、必要な公開を怠っていた、と韓国の代議士と環境団体が木曜日、語った。 政府当局者は、劣化ウラン弾は5年間製造され、政府は、同プログラムが終わった1987年に国際原子力機関（IAEA)に言っていたと、語った。 劣化ウランは、核燃料の副産物である。それは、弾を強化し玉が装甲を貫くことが出来るようにするためにするために使われ得る。 （この事実の）公開は、韓国にとって敏感な時期に来たが、韓国は9月に、科学者たちが、少量のウランを2000年に濃縮し、プルトニウムを1982年に分離していたと語っている。 IAEAは、公開を怠ったことは、深刻に考えるべき問題だと言っているにも関わらず、政府は、科学者が純粋に好奇心から行動したと述べている。 韓国は、共産主義の北朝鮮に、核兵器への野望を捨てさせるための国際的努力に加わっているが、北朝鮮は、南の実験の査察が終わるまでは対話を再開しないだろう、と言っている。 http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200410/21/200410212244327139900090409041.html<http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200410/21/200410212244327139900090409041.html> Depleted uranium once used in S. Korean weapons
Joins.com Representative Cho Seung-soo of the Democratic Labor Party and the environmental group Green Korea United said yesterday that the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute had produced anti-tank shells in the 1980s made from depleted uranium, alloyed with titanium. They claimed that the Ministry of Science and Technology had hidden the fact.
In response, the ministry said, "We applied for an inspection waiver for development of uranium armaments and received permission in 1987." The ministry said that it has discussed the production with the United States from an early stage. The ministry said the shells were destroyed in 1989 with U.S. Embassy officials present when they no longer had commercial value. Depleted uranium is a dense, non-fissile metal. ----------------------------- http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2004-daily/22-10-2004/world/w7.htm<http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2004-daily/22-10-2004/world/w7.htm> S Korean munitions violated N-accord
The News International SEOUL: South Korea produced anti-tank munitions in the 1980s using depleted uranium imported for non-military use and failed to make required disclosures, a South Korean lawmaker and an environmental group said on Thursday. A government official said depleted-uranium munitions were produced for five years and the government had told the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1987 when the programme was ended.
Depleted uranium is a by-product of nuclear fuel production. It can be used to strengthen ammunition and enable it to penetrate armour.
The disclosure comes at a sensitive time for South Korea, which said in September some of its scientists had enriched a small amount of uranium in 2000 and separated plutonium in 1982. The government said scientists purely out of curiosity conducted those tests, although the IAEA said the failure to disclose them was a matter of serious concern.
South Korea is involved in international efforts to get communist North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons ambitions but the North has said it would not resume talks until an investigation of the South tests was complete. 2004.1024 市民参加がスターメッツ（DU製造大手）スーパーファンドサイトで 必要だ 市民参加がスターメッツ（DU製造大手）スーパーファンドサイトで 必要だ
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより 市民参加がスターメッツ（DU製造大手）スーパーファンドサイトで必要だ マークス・ロバート Roberts: Citizen involvement needed at Starmet Superfund site By Mark Roberts Thursday, September 23, 2004 http://www2.townonline.com/concord/opinion/view.bg?articleid=90547<http://www2.townonline.com/concord/opinion/view.bg?articleid=90547> 最近多くの新聞に出ていないので、この国で最悪のスーパーファンドサイトのひとつが、国道６２号線から入ったアクトン近くにあることをお忘れかもしれない。 核金属社スーパーファンドサイトは、ウェストコンコルドとおり２２２９番地に位置する４６エーカーの区画にある。１９５８年、同社は、DU製品を主に装甲を貫く弾の貫通体として、生産し始めた。 彼らはまた、医療用の金属粉や、写真複写機、宇宙産業で使われるベリリウムチューブのような特殊な金属製品を生産した。 １９５８年から８５年にかけ、同社は、劣化ウランやジルコニウム、マグネシウム、ベリリウム、トリクロロエチレンやその他の溶剤を含む放射性やほかの危険な廃棄物を地面大きな穴に不規則に捨てた。同社の行為は、また少なくとも２つの区域に放射性廃棄物のドラム缶を埋め、放射性やほかの危険な廃棄物の処理地を作り出した。 １９９７年１０月１日、核金属社はスターメッツ社と改名された。２００１年５月、スターメッツは、計画していた施設の売却を促進するために１７００本の劣化ウランを積んだドラム缶をサウスカロライナの施設から運び込んだ。スターメッツはまた、およそ２０００本のドラム缶とほかのコンテナに積んだ劣化ウランやベリリウムの廃棄物を同所の建物内に保管していた。 スターメッツは、３７００本のドラム缶を取り除くよう命じられたが、倒産したため命令を守れなかった。交渉の後、米陸軍が、マサチューセッツ環境省の監視下で３７００本のドラムの除去の費用を負担することに同意した。 ２００３年６月、環境保護庁は調査と８００万ドルかかると見積もられる除染の実行可能性報告の実行のため、以下を含む５つの潜在的な責任のある関係者と合意を締結した。 米陸軍、米エネルギー省、ウィットテーカーコーポレーション、MONY生命保険、テクサトロン。 その場所は１８箇所に分割され、それぞれ調査され除染されるだろう。 コンコルドの２００３年定例議会は居住用を含む現在のゾーニングのもとですべての用途に使用できるようその場所が除染されるよう決議を行っている。 この修復のための調査は、NMIスーパーファンドサイトが最終的に除染されるまで求められる複数年にわたる過程の第一段階に過ぎない。 環境保護庁は、公益は、市民団体CREW（市民研究環境監視団）と、２２２９メインストリート諮問委員会を通じて、コンコルド町により代表されていると認定している。 CREWはボランティアの市民グループで、監視代理業者と密接に仕事をしながら、１９８９年以来活発に毒性や放射性に汚染された土地の浄化にかかわってきた。政府からの保証と民間基金のおかげで、CREWは、監視代理業者を浄化計画において助けるためにコンサルタントを雇うことが可能になっている。 ２２２９メインストリート諮問委員会は、２００１年、NMIサイトがスーパーファンドサイトに指定されて以来、スーパーファンドの過程に関する問題について代議員に勧告するよう指定された。 同委員会は、毎月、コンコルド・キーズロード１４１で開催される。２００３年１２月、事業のコーディネーターは、非政府の責任ある関係者のために、事業計画の草稿、すなわち指定された調査と浄化の研究の完全な詳細をもたらす８巻の報告書を提出した。 ７０ページの報告書の中で、CREWのメンバーの専門家と環境コンサルタント・ジオインサイト社は、計画を改善するため、数百のコメントを提出した。 コメントは、歴史的情報や、採取された標本の数や形式、場所を含み、提案された地下水の流れや地下水の放射性、危険な汚染物質のモデルは無効であり、修正される必要があるということを示す情報を与えている。 この忠告は、環境保護庁やマサチューセッツ環境保護局や２２２９メインストリート諮問委員会のそれと同様に、計画を変えてきた。 環境修復の調査や、提案への計画が、いまや上記すべての忠告のおかげで改善されているのは疑いようがない。 EPAは、修復調査の技術面について、CREWと２２２９メインストリート諮問委員会と定期的会合をもつことで、拡大された、大衆参加過程を立ち上げたので、大衆とコンコルドの利益とそこからの貢献は正規に基づいてくみ上げられることとなった。 スターメッツスーパーファンドサイトが、コンコルドの住民の目的に調和した方法で除染され、いったん浄化されれば、町の永遠の暗い影にならないようになるのは、継続的な市民の参画と監視を通じてのみである。 それぞれのコンコルド住民が調査と除染を監視するのにできることがふたつある。 ひとつは、マキシマスによって立ち上げられた公式ウェブサイト、これは、調査や浄化が前進するごとに更新されるであろうーを正しくチェックすることである。 http://www.nmisite.org/ 二番目にできることは、EPAによって開かれる公聴会に参加することで、次の公聴会は、モニュメントスクエアのコンコルド町役場のヒアリングルームで９月２８日７：３０に予定されている。
EPAは。埋められたドラム缶や水盤や、ごみ処理場や施設の建物を処理する緊急除去作業が数年かかるであろう修復調査可能性の研究過程が終わるのを待つことなく必要かどうかを論ずるであろう。コンコルドの全住民は、何が次の数ヶ月行われるか、何の健康や安全手段が、調査で汚染物が環境に放出されないよう実行されるかを学ぶことを奨励され、EPAにコンコルドがスターメッツの浄化を深刻に受け止め、なるべく早く完全に実行されるよう求めていることを説明することを奨励されている。
-------------------------------- Roberts: Citizen involvement needed at Starmet Superfund site By Mark Roberts Thursday, September 23, 2004
http://www2.townonline.com/concord/opinion/view.bg?articleid=90547<http://www2.townonline.com/concord/opinion/view.bg?articleid=90547> It has not been in the paper much recently, so you may have forgotten that one of the nation's worst Superfund sites is located near Acton off Route 62. The Nuclear Metals, Inc. Superfund Site, is located on a 46-acre parcel located at 2229 Main St. in West Concord. In 1958, NMI began manufacture of depleted uranium products, primarily as penetrators for armor piercing ammunition. They also manufactured metal powders for medical applications, photocopiers, and specialty metal products, such as beryllium tubing used in the aerospace industry. From 1958 to 1985, NMI discharged radioactive and other hazardous waste including depleted uranium, zirconium; magnesium; beryllium, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and other solvents into an unlined large pit in the ground. NMI's activities also resulted in burying drums of radioactive waste in at least two areas and creating a landfill with radioactive and other hazardous wastes.
On Oct. 1, 1997, NMI was renamed Starmet Corporation. In May 2001, Starmet transported 1,700 drums containing depleted uranium from its South Carolina facility to the site, to facilitate its planned sale of that facility. Starmet also had approximately 2,000 drums and other containers of depleted uranium and beryllium wastes stored inside buildings at the site.
In June 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency also negotiated an agreement with five potentially responsible parties including: the U.S. EPA recognizes that the interests of the public are represented by a citizens' group, CREW (Citizens Research and Environmental Watch), and the town of Concord through its 2229 Main St. Advisory Committee. CREW is a volunteer citizens group, which has been involved actively since 1989 in seeking a cleanup of the toxic and radioactively contaminated property, working closely with oversight agencies. Grants from the government and private foundations have enabled CREW hire consultants to assist the oversight agencies with cleanup plans. The 2229 Main St. Advisory Committee was appointed in 2001 to advise the selectmen on issues concerning the Superfund process after the NMI Site was designated a Superfund Site. The Committee meets monthly at 141 Keyes Road, Concord.
In December 2003, de maximis, the project coordinator for the non-government responsible parties, submitted a draft Work Plan, an eight-volume report which provided the complete detail of the proposed investigation and cleanup study. In a 70 page report, CREW member professionals and the environmental consultant, GeoInsight Inc., submitted hundreds of comments to improve the Plan. The comments involved historic information, the number, type and location of samples being taken, and provided information showing that the proposed model of the flow of ground water and radioactive and hazardous contaminants in ground water was flawed and needed to be revised. This advice, as well as that of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Mass. Department of Environmental Protection and the It is only through continued public involvement and oversight that the Starmet Superfund Site will be cleaned up in a manner consistent with the goals of the residents of Concord, that the site be cleaned up once and for all and will not be a permanent blight in town. There are two things that every Concord resident can do to monitor the investigation and cleanup. The first is to regularly check the official Web site set up by de maximus, which will be updated periodically as the investigation/ cleanup goes forward. The Web site address is http://www.nmisite.org. The second thing you can do is to attend the public meetings held by the EPA, the next one of which is scheduled for Sept. 28 at 7:30 p.m. in the Concord Town House Hearing Room on Monument Square. The EPA will be discussing whether emergency removal actions are required to address the buried drums, holding basin, the waste landfill and/or the facility buildings without waiting for the completion of the entire remedial investigation/ feasibility study process that will take years. All residents of Concord are encouraged to attend to learn what is going to be going on over the next few months, what health and safety measures are going to implemented to ensure that the investigation does not release contaminants into the environment, and to demonstrate to the EPA that Concord takes the Starmet cleanup seriously and wants this Site cleanup as quickly and completely as possible. Hope to see you there. Mark Roberts is a resident of Concord, CREW Member and environmental attorney. 2004.10.18 「劣化ウランは胎盤を通過してしまう」（「核政策研究所」報告書より） 「劣化ウランは胎盤を通過してしまう」（「核政策研究所」報告書より）―「原子力文化振興財団」パンフレットの誤り―
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
「劣化ウランは胎盤を通過してしまう」（「核政策研究所」報告書より） ２００４年１０月１８日 「NO DU ヒロシマ・プロジェクト」の嘉指です。 １０月１８日付け朝日新聞東京版は、「劣化ウランの”安全性”を論じたプレスリリースに誤りがあったことを原子力文化振興財団が認めた」という趣旨の記事を掲載しています。（http://www.asahi.com/national/update/1017/019.html） ただ、「劣化ウランが胎盤を通過してしまうかどうか」に関しては、朝日の記事では、「原文も、「ウランが母乳に濃縮するとは考えにくい。胎盤を通じて胎児に移行するかどうかは分からない」と、より慎重な表現だった」という形で問題にされていますが、ワシントンの「核政策研究所」が昨年７月に出した報告書では、「劣化ウランは胎盤を通過してしまう」という、米軍の「放射線生物学研究所」(AFRPI)の研究で出された結論がクローズアップされています。 これは、『ヒロシマ・アピール』の「ホワイトハウスへの反論」の中でも引用したものですが、こういった報告がもっともっと広く知られる必要があると、今回改めて思いました。（広島でも、原文振パンフレットに関しては、徹底した形で反論しないといけないと話をしているのですが、対応ができないままでいます。１１月７日、マッド・アマノさんに来て頂く「国際行動デー集会」の時に、併せて少しでも問題に出来たらと思っています。）
以下、『ヒロシマ・アピール』から該当個所を拾い出してみます。皆さんにご参考にしていただけたら幸いです。
＊＊＊ アメリカ政府は、特定の調査結果だけを根拠にして、劣化ウラン兵器の安全性を強弁している。しかし、そうした調査結果がいかに不十分で偏ったものか、多くの専門家が指摘している。例えば、ワシントンの「核政策研究所」は、2003年7月に発表した報告書「劣化ウラン―危険性評価の科学的根拠」の中で、次のように、端的に反駁している。 「１９９３年１月、合衆国会計検査院(GAO)の研究は、「吸入された不溶性酸化物は、より長く肺に残り、放射線による発ガンの可能性をうみだす。摂取された劣化ウラン粒子もまた放射性および毒性の危険をうみだす。」陸軍環境政策研究所(AEPI)による１９９５年の研究も、「劣化ウランが体内に入ると、重大な医学的帰結をうみだす可能性がある。体内の劣化ウランと関連する危険は、化学的なものであるとともに、放射線医学的なものである」と述べ、健康への悪影響を重ねて指摘した・・・・ こうした研究にもかかわらず、１９９６年に出された『最終報告――湾岸戦争帰還兵の病気に関する大統領諮問委員会』は、「湾岸戦争帰還兵によって報告されている健康への影響が、湾岸戦争中、劣化ウランに曝されたことに起因すると考えにくい」と述べている。」
・・・・ 「・・・・国防総省により、米軍の放射線生物学研究所(AFRPI)で行われている研究は、劣化ウランの健康への影響の可能性について、より深く踏み込んだ研究をしている・・・・劣化ウラン片が妊娠や発育に及ぼす影響を実証するため行われている現在進行中の研究によると、体内に劣化ウラン片を埋め込まれた雌のラット（ネズミ）の胎盤や胎児から劣化ウランが検出された。しかしながら、劣化ウランはすぐには影響を及ぼすわけではなかった。劣化ウラン片を埋め込まれたラットの子どもはサイズが小さかったが、これは、劣化ウラン片を埋め込まれてから６ヶ月以上経ってから妊娠した場合にのみ起こった。もし雌のラットが劣化ウラン片を埋め込まれてから４ヶ月も経たない時期に妊娠した場合は、子どもラットの大きさに実質的違いはなかった。従って、研究者たちは、「劣化ウランは胎盤を通過してしまう」との結論を出した。
これらの結果は、CDC が出している、低線量被曝は累積的であるという結論と一致する・・・・
今や、劣化ウランは無害であるというアメリカ政府の見解は、科学的信憑性に欠ける、きわめて不徹底で偏った調査報告に基づくことが、明白になりつつあるといえよう。DDT、ガソリンに含まれる鉛、PCB、タバコ、アスベスト、あるいはベトナム戦争で使われた枯れ葉剤エージェント・オレンジなどの場合同様、劣化ウラン兵器に既得権益を有する産軍官複合体からの抵抗は甚だ強い。しかし、劣化ウラン兵器が放射性の大量破壊兵器であると認識される日はきっとやってくるだろう。唯一の問題は、この真実が広く受け入れられるようになるまでに、さらにどれだけの多くの被害がもたらされることになるかだ。」
（『劣化ウラン―危険性評価の科学的根拠』の原文、"Depleted Uranium: 2004.10.17 ウランの健康影響、冊子記述に誤り 原子力文化振興財団
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
ウランの健康影響、冊子記述に誤り 原子力文化振興財団 財団法人「日本原子力文化振興財団」が、今年６月につくった小冊子「劣化ウラン弾による環境影響－ＩＡＥＡとＵＮＥＰの報告から－」に、放射線と健康の関係について誤った記述があることが分かった。健康への影響を小さく見せる表現で、財団は内容を掲載したホームページの関係部分を訂正する。 小冊子は劣化ウランの特性や劣化ウラン弾の特徴について、国際原子力機関（ＩＡＥＡ）などの調査結果を紹介している。 子どもや胎児への放射線の影響について、米国の専門機関の報告として「ウランが母乳に濃縮されることもなく、胎盤を通して母胎から胎児に伝わることは非常に少なく」と記している。ところが、報告を出したのは別の組織で、原文も「ウランが母乳に濃縮するとは考えにくい。胎盤を通じて胎児に移行するかどうかは分からない」と、より慎重な表現だった。 また、放射線と白血病との関係を「世界には、日本人より１０倍以上も高い環境放射線量で暮らす人々もいるが、放射線によって白血病などが増えたという事実もない」と断定している。 広島大学原爆放射線医科学研究所の木村昭郎教授（血液内科）は「低線量の放射線と白血病の関係を疫学的に明らかにするのは大変難しい。これまでに疫学的にそれを証明した報告はない」と指摘する。 横手光洋常務理事は「学術論文のように一言一句、正確性を吟味した文章ではない。『白血病が増えたという事実は報告されていない』とした方が正確だった」と話した。母乳と胎盤の部分については「妥当な表現と考えた」としながらも、訂正を検討するという。
小冊子は、米軍が湾岸戦争やイラク戦争で使用し、イラク市民らの病気の原因ではないかとも指摘される劣化ウラン弾について「正しい情報を提供するため」、２月に開いた特殊法人「日本原子力研究所」幹部の講演や資料をもとに、財団の担当者が書いた。Ａ４判１０ページ。７８０部を報道機関や企業などに配った。 (10/17 23:47) 2004.10.18 １１．６国際デー国連関連資料
［１１．６国際デー国連関連資料］
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより ［１１．６国際デー国連関連資料］（振津かつみさん 仮訳）
＜２００３年国連広報＞
２００１年１１月５日、国連総会は、毎年１１月６日を「戦争と武力紛争による環境の収奪を防ぐための国際デー」と宣言した（決議５６/４）。
＜２００２年、コフィ・アナン国連総長のメッセージ、プレスリリースより＞ 国連総長、戦争と武力紛争時の環境の収奪を規制するための努力を促す １１月６日の国際デー行事へのメッセージでは、平和回復後も被害の悪影響は残っていると述べている 以下は２００２年１１月６日、初めての「戦争と武力紛争による環境の収奪を防ぐための国際デー」の行事にあたってのコフィ・アナン総長からのメッセージの一節である 本日、国連総会で宣言された「戦争と武力紛争による環境の収奪を防ぐための国際デー」の初めての行事が執り行われる 戦争は人々の苦しみをもたらすだけではない。戦争は環境をも破壊する。平和が回復された後も、長期にわたって、紛争による環境への悪影響が残っていることがしばしばある。 今ではいつも国連は、紛争が環境にどのような影響を及ぼしているかの評価をするようにと依頼される。そのような（調査）使節団は、多岐に渡る戦争の環境への影響を明らかにしてきた。それらには爆撃による石油や化学物質流出がもたらした汚染、軍事勢力による統制されない天然資源の略奪、地雷・不発弾・その他の戦争の残骸による土地や生活手段への危険性、多くの人々が移動することによる水・生物多様性・他の生態系の営みへの悪影響などが含まれる。
核・化学・生物兵器についての国際条約はあるものの、劣化ウラン兵器のような新たな技術が、環境への未知の脅威をもたらしている。戦争による環境への被害は、平和の回復と社会の再建への障害にもなっている。
＜２００１年、国連総会決議５６／４＞
国連総会は、 1. 毎年１１月６日を戦争と武力紛争による環境の収奪防止のための国際デーとすることを宣言する；
2. 3. 国連事務総長に対してこの決議の実施を確実にし、国際社会において実施を促進するように要請する。
37th plenary meeting 5 November 2001
1 See resolution 55/2.
＜２０００年国連ミレニアム宣言抜粋＞ ．我々の共通の環境の保護 21．我々は、全ての人類、とくに、我々の子どもたちや孫たちを、人間の諸活動によって回復不可能なまでに損なわれ、必要な資源が十分でなくなった地球上に暮らすという脅威から解放するために、いかなる努力も惜しまない。 22．我々は、「国連環境開発会議」（９２年リオ「地球サミット」）で合意されたアジェンダ21に盛り込まれた原則をも含めて、持続可能な開発の諸原則への支持を再確認する。
23.それゆえ、我々は、我々のあらゆる環境上の諸行動において、保全と管理の新しい倫理を採用しようと決意し、その第一歩として以下のことを決意する： ＊２００２年の「国連環境開発会議」１０周年（リオ＋１０）までに京都議定書の発効を確保し、必要とされている温室効果ガスの削減に乗り出すためにあらゆる努力を行う。 ＊あらゆるタイプの森林の管理、保全及び持続可能な開発のための共同の努力を強化する。 ＊「生物多様性条約」、及び、「深刻な干ばつ又は砂漠化に直面する国（特にアフリカの国）において砂漠化に対処するための条約」の完全実施を押し進める。 ＊地域、国家、地方レベルで、公平なアクセス及び適正な供給の双方を促進する水管理戦略を発展させることにより、持続不可能な水資源の利用を止める。 ＊自然災害および人為的な災害の数とこれによる被害を削減するための協力を強化する。
＊ヒト・ゲノム塩基配列に関する情報への自由なアクセスを確保する。
On 5 November 2001, the General Assembly declared 6 November of each year as the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict (resolution 56/4). In taking this action, it considered that damage to the environment in times of armed conflict impairs ecosystems and natural resources long after the period of conflict, often extending beyond the limits of national territories and the present generation. It also recalled the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which emphasized the necessity of working to protect our common environment. -------------------------- 28 October 2002 SECRETARY-GENERAL URGES EFFORTS TO LIMIT EXPLOITATION OF ENVIRONMENT IN TIMES OF WAR, ARMED CONFLICT Message for 6 November Observance of International Day Says Negative Impacts of Damage Remain after Peace Has Been Restored
This is the text of a message from Secretary-General Kofi Annan to mark the first observance, on 6 November 2002, of the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Today marks the first observance of the International Day for Preventing Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, which was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly. War not only causes human suffering. It can also be devastating to the environment. Long after peace has been restored, the negative environmental impacts of conflict often remain. The United Nations is now regularly invited to assess how conflict affects the environment. Such missions have identified a wide range of environmental consequences of war, including pollution from oil and chemical leaks caused by bombing; the unregulated plunder of natural resources by armed forces; the danger to land, livelihoods and lives caused by landmines, unexploded ordnance and other war debris; and the negative impact of mass population movements on water, biodiversity and other ecosystem services.
International conventions govern nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, but new technologies -- such as depleted uranium ammunition -- pose as yet unknown threats to the environment. Damage to the environment in war is also an impediment to the restoration of peace and rebuilding of society.
---------------- The General Assembly,
Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration,' which emphasized the necessity of safeguarding nature for the sake of future generations and working for the protection of our common environment,
Considering that damage to the environment in times of armed conflict impairs ecosystems and natural resources long beyond the period of conflict, and often extends beyond the limits of national territories and the present generation, 1. Declares 6 November each year as the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict; 2. Invites Member States, entities of the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations to observe 6 November each year as the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure the implementation of the present resolution and to promote it in the international community. 37th plenary meeting 5 November 2001 1 See resolution 55/2. -------------------
55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration IV. Protecting our common environment 21. We must spare no effort to free all of humanity, and above all our children and grandchildren, from the threat of living on a planet irredeemably spoilt by human activities, and whose resources would no longer be sufficient for their needs. 22. We reaffirm our support for the principles of sustainable development, including those set out in Agenda 21, agreed upon at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
23. We resolve therefore to adopt in all our environmental actions a new ethic of conservation and stewardship and, as first steps, we ● To make every effort to ensure the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, preferably by the tenth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 2002, and to embark on the required reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases. ● To intensify our collective efforts for the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests. ● To press for the full implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Cmbat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa. ● To stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies. ● To intensify cooperation to reduce the number and effects of natural and man-made disasters.
● To ensure free access to information on the human genome sequence. 2004.10.1 戦争の最も小さな犠牲者
イラク帰還兵に指欠損の子どもが誕生
The war's littlest victim
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより
イラク帰還兵に指欠損の子どもが誕生・尿からDU検出のニュースです。
彼は劣化ウランにヒバクした。彼の娘はそのつけを払っている。
２００３年９月始め、陸軍国防州兵のジェラルド・ダレン・マソーは、突然病に見舞われ、イラクから送還された。
特に両家には、先天性の障害の歴史はないため、マソーと彼の妻は、ヴィクトリアの衝撃的な（手の）変形は、彼女の父の病気や戦争と何か関係があると信じた。
６月、マソーは、デーリーニュースに接触し、我々に、彼の尿の独立した研究機関での検査を手配するよう依頼した。これは、弊紙がもうひとつの州兵部隊・４４２憲兵隊の７人のうち４人の兵士が、劣化ウランで陽性と判定されたことを伝えた後だった。
生まれる前の子どもの（手の）変形を知って、マソーは直ちに陸軍に、尿のDU検査をするよう頼んだ。４月、彼は２４時間の尿サンプルを、彼が非放射化するのを待っていた、ニュージャージー州フォートディックスの医師に提出した。
今年のはじめ、弊紙は、４４２部隊の憲兵からの尿サンプルを、元軍医アサフ・ドラコビッチ博士と、ドイツフランクフルトのゴエス大学の地質学者アクセル・ゲルド博士に提出した。そのドイツの研究所は、微量のウランの試験、テストあたり１０００ドルかかる複雑な手続きに特化している。
三つの標本は文字A,B,Cで印されているだけであり、研究所は、どのサンプルが兵士に属するのか分からなかった。
しかし、DUに汚染されたチリは、典型的には、肺に吸い込まれ、何年も留まり得、コンスタントに低レベル放射線を出しつづける。
・ ・弊紙の要求にこたえ、イラクで従軍したニューヨークの州兵の部隊が、劣化ウラン弾からの放射能で検査され、４人が陽性だった。 ・ ゴンザレスの記事が、出た次の日、陸軍当局者は慌てて、ロックランド郡に本拠を置く、４４２部隊の全帰還隊員の検査に乗り出した。 ・ 週が終わるとき、パタキ氏が、ペンタゴンに、もっと良い検査と、戦争から帰還した兵士たちの扱いをペンタゴンに求める政治家のリストに加わったので、疑惑は、あるバニーへの道中に広がった。 ゴンザレスの暴露が、巨大な検査への要求の導火線となった。４月半ばまでに、８００人の兵士が陸軍に尿サンプルを出し、数百人が予約を待っている。
２週間後、ペンタゴンは４４２部隊からの兵士の誰もが劣化ウランは陽性ではなかったと主張した。しかし、弊紙の専門家らは、重大な問題を、その検査方法に見つけている。
Originally published on September 29, 2004
He was exposed to depleted uranium. Guardsman Gerard Darren Matthew, sent home from Iraq with mysterious illnesses, holds baby daughter, Victoria, who has deformed hand. He has tested positive for uranium contamination. In early September 2003, Army National Guard Spec. Gerard Darren Matthew was sent home from Iraq, stricken by a sudden illness. One side of Matthew's face would swell up each morning. He had constant migraine headaches, blurred vision, blackouts and a burning sensation whenever he urinated. The Army transferred him to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington for further tests, but doctors there could not explain what was wrong. Shortly after his return, his wife, Janice, became pregnant. On June 29, she gave birth to a baby girl, Victoria Claudette. The baby was missing three fingers and most of her right hand. Matthew and his wife believe Victoria's shocking deformity has something to do with her father's illness and the war - especially since there is no history of birth defects in either of their families. They have seen photos of Iraqi babies born with deformities that are eerily similar. In June, Matthew contacted the Daily News and asked us to arrange independent laboratory screening for his urine. This was after The News had reported that four of seven soldiers from another National Guard unit, the 442nd Military Police, had tested positive for depleted uranium (DU). The independent test of Matthew's urine found him positive for DU - low-level radioactive waste produced in nuclear plants during the enrichment of natural uranium. Because it is twice as heavy as lead, DU has been used by the Pentagon since the Persian Gulf War in certain types of "tank-buster" shells, as well as for armor-plating in Abrams tanks. Exposure to radioactivity has been associated in some studies with birth defects in the children of exposed parents. "My husband went to Iraq to fight for his country," Janice Matthew said. "I feel the Army should take responsibility for what's happened." The couple first learned of the baby's missing fingers during a routine sonogram of the fetus last April at Lenox Hill Hospital. Matthew was a truck driver in Iraq with the 719th transport unit from Harlem. His unit moved supplies from Army bases in Kuwait to the front lines and as far as Baghdad. On several occasions, he says, he carried shot-up tanks and destroyed vehicle parts on his flat-bed back to Kuwait. After he learned of his unborn child's deformity, Matthew immediately asked the Army to test his urine for DU. In April, he provided a 24-hour urine sample to doctors at Fort Dix, N.J., where he was waiting to be deactivated. In May, the Army granted him a 40% disability pension for his migraine headaches and for a condition called idiopathic angioedema - unexplained chronic swelling. But Matthew never got the results of his Army test for DU. When he called Fort Dix last week, five months after he was tested, he was told there was no record of any urine specimen from him. Thankfully, Matthew did not rely solely on the Army bureaucracy - he went to The News. Earlier this year, The News submitted urine samples from Guardsmen of the 442nd to former Army doctor Asaf Durakovic and Axel Gerdes, a geologist at Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. The German lab specializes in testing for minute quantities of uranium, a complicated procedure that costs up to $1,000 per test. The lab is one of approximately 50 in the world that can detect quantities as tiny as fentograms - one part per quadrillionth. A few months ago, The News submitted a 24-hour urine sample from Matthew to Gerdes. As a control, we also gave the lab 24-hour urine samples from two Daily News reporters. The three specimens were marked only with the letters A, B and C, so the lab could not know which sample belonged to the soldier. After analyzing all three, Gerdes reported that only sample A - Matthew's urine - showed clear signs of DU. It contained a total uranium concentration that was "4 to 8 times higher" than specimens B and C, Gerdes reported. "Those levels indicate pretty definitively that he's been exposed to the DU," said Leonard Dietz, a retired scientist who invented one of the instruments for measuring uranium isotopes. According to Army guidelines, the total uranium concentration Gerdes found in Matthew is within acceptable standards for most Americans. But Gerdes questioned the Army's standards, noting that even minute levels of DU are cause for concern. "While the levels of DU in Matthew's urine are low," Gerdes said, "the DU we see in his urine could be 1,000 times higher in concentration in the lungs." DU is not like natural uranium, which occurs in the environment. Natural uranium can be ingested in food and drink but gets expelled from the body within 24 hours. DU-contaminated dust, however, is typically breathed into the lungs and can remain there for years, emitting constant low-level radiation. "I'm upset and confused," Matthew said. "I just want answers. Are they [the Army] going to take care of my baby?" We track soldiers' sickness For the last five months, Daily News columnist Juan Gonzalez has chronicled the plight of soldiers who have returned from Iraq with mysterious illnesses. His exclusive groundbreaking investigation began with a front-page story on April 4 that suggested depleted uranium contamination was far more widespread than the Pentagon would admit. ・ At the request of The News, nine soldiers from a New York Army National Guard company serving in Iraq were tested for radiation from depleted uranium shells - and four of the ailing G.I.s tested positive. ・ The day after Gonzalez's story appeared, Army officials rushed to test all returning members of the company, the 442nd Military Police, based in Rockland County. By week's end, the scandal had reverberated all the way to Albany, as Gov. Pataki joined the list of politicians calling for the Pentagon to do a better job of testing and treating sick soldiers returning from the war. ・ Gonzalez's expose´ sparked a huge demand for testing. By mid-April, 800 G.I.s had given the Army urine samples, and hundreds more were waiting for appointments.
・ Two weeks later, the Pentagon claimed that none of the soldiers from the 442nd had tested positive for depleted uranium. But The News' experts found significant problems with the testing methods.
Originally published on September 29, 2004 海兵隊員志望者の母親より。
ＮＯＤＵヒロシマ・プロジェクトＭＬより DU=WATCHより。
海兵隊員志望者の母親より。 「神よ。わたしは、その人達が、どんなに死を恐れ、国のためにさえ死ぬのではない事を恐れているに違いない事に、その人達のために怒り、恐れている。わたしが言える事は、わたしは誰に投票しないか知っているということだ。」 わたしはUSA紙によるインタビューを読んだばかりであり、わたしは非常に感動し、インタビューが述べている事全てに賛成です。わたしは、海兵隊に入る契約をしてしまった娘の母親で、娘はASVABテストを取りなおさねばならず、そして彼女のデートのためと思うが、私は、彼女が全く海兵隊に行く気がないと思っている（私は彼女が行かないことを神に願っている）。 この理由は、３月に、彼女のボーイフレンドは新兵訓練に行き、MCTを受け、木曜日にMOSを受けて、彼の部隊がイラクに向けて９月１日に出港するということを既に言われたからである。 少なくとも言えることは、彼は今、パンツに大便をもらすほどびくびくしている。とくに、彼の仕事は、モーターTで、我々はみな、彼らの多くが死んでいることを知っているからである。彼のリクルーターは、彼と娘に、理学博士になれるという話しを沢山したので、私は彼らに警告し |
